Zainuddin Muda Z. Monggilo

Inoculation theory offers a proactive alternative to reactive crisis communication in a media ecosystem shaped by viral rumors, deepfakes, and algorithmic polarization. This study synthesizes empirical studies to examine how prebunking works across advertising, public relations, health campaigns, and digital misinformation. Across contexts, resistance is strongest when messages pair threat cues with refutational preemption and activate audience processing.

This study explores information disorder on online platforms, focusing on how public resistance is understood through media literacy. It reviews current literature to provide a framework for scholars and considers how information disorder is used strategically in democratic elections—both deceptively and effectively.

The purpose of this study is to explore pre-bunking efforts in fact-checking as a means of preventing political information disorder prior to the 2024 general election. Pre-bunking actions are characterized as initiatives to strengthen the public's defenses against information disruptions. Furthermore, it is expected that the public will be more empowered to battle various negative and damaging information that could impede the country’s democratic advancement.